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<h1><span class="top">A Japanese guide to Japanese grammar</span></h1>

<h2>Summary</h2>

<p>This site explains Japanese grammar in a systematic step-by-step process and is released under the Creative Commons License. It was created
as a resource for those who want to learn Japanese grammar in a rational, intuitive way that makes sense in Japanese. The explanations are focused on
how to make sense of the grammar not from English but from a Japanese point of view.
To learn more about this guide, go to the introduction page and start learning this intriguing and unique language!</p>

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This guide is also available in various formats and languages

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See who's working on a <a href="translations.html">translation of the guide</a> and help out!

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<tr align="right"><td colspan="2">Have anything to say about the guide? <br />Go to the <a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/">Grammar Guide Forum!</a><br />Or maybe you want to work on it yourself?<br />Then go to the <a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/wiki/">Grammar Guide Wiki!</a></td></tr>

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<div class="outtitle">Table of Contents</div>

<ol>

<li><a href="start.html">Introduction</a></li>

<li><a href="writingsys.html">The Writing System</a>

  <ul>

    <li><a href="hiragana.html">Hiragana</a>

        	<ul>

        		<li><a href="hiragana_ex.html">Hiragana Practice Exercises</a></li>

        	</ul>

    </li>

    <li><a href="katakana.html">Katakana</a>

        	<ul>

        		<li><a href="katakana_ex.html">Katakana Practice Exercises</a></li>

        	</ul>

    </li>

    <li><a href="kanji.html">Kanji</a></li>

  </ul>

</li>

<li><a href="basicgram.html">Basic Grammar</a>

  <ul>

  <li><a href="copula.html">Expressing State-of-Being</a>

        	<ul>

        		<li><a href="copula_ex.html">State-of-Being Practice Exercises</a></li>

        	</ul>

  </li>

  <li><a href="particles.html">Introduction to Particles （は、も、が）</a>

          	<ul>

          		<li><a href="particles_ex.html">「は、も、が」 Particle Exercises</a></li>

        	</ul>

  </li>

  <li><a href="adjectives.html">Adjectives</a>

          	<ul>

          		<li><a href="adjectives_ex.html">Adjective Practice Exercises</a></li>

        	</ul>

  </li>

  <li><a href="verbs.html">Verb Basics</a>

          	<ul>

          		<li><a href="verbs_ex.html">Verb Practice Exercises</a></li>

        	</ul>

  </li>

  <li><a href="negverb.html">Negative Verbs</a>

          	<ul>

          		<li><a href="negverb_ex.html">Negative Verb Practice Exercises</a></li>

        	</ul>

</li>

  <li><a href="pastverb.html">Past Tense</a></li>

          	<ul>

          		<li><a href="pastverb_ex.html">Past Verb Practice Exercises</a></li>

        	</ul>

  <li><a href="particles2.html">Particles used with verbs （を、に、へ、で）</a></li>

  <li><a href="transtype.html">Transitive and Intransitive Verbs</a></li>

  <li><a href="subclause.html">Descriptive Subordinate Clauses and Sentence Order</a></li>

  <li><a href="particles3.html">Noun-related Particles （と、や、とか、の）</a></li>

  <li><a href="adgobi.html">Using Adverbs and Gobi</a></li>

  </ul>

</li>

<li><a href="essential.html">Essential Grammar</a>

  <ul>

  <li><a href="polite.html">Polite Form and Verb Stems　（～です、～ます）</a></li>

  <li><a href="address.html">Addressing People</a></li>

  <li><a href="question.html">The Question Marker　（か）</a></li>

  <li><a href="compound.html">Compound Sentences　（て-form、から、ので、のに、が、けど、し、～たりする）</a></li>

  <li><a href="enduring.html">Other uses of the te-form　（～ている、～てある、～ておく、～ていく、～てくる）</a></li>

  <li><a href="potential.html">Potential Form</a></li>

  <li><a href="surunaru.html">Using する and なる with the に particle　（～[よう]になる／する）</a></li>

  <li><a href="conditional.html">Conditionals　（と、なら、ば、たら）</a></li>

  <li><a href="haveto.html">Expressing "must" or "have to"　（～だめ、～いけない、～ならない、～ても）</a></li>

  <li><a href="desire.html">Desire and Suggestions　（たい、欲しい、volitional、～たらどう）</a></li>

  <li><a href="quotation.html">Performing an action on a subordinate clause （と、って）</a></li>

  <li><a href="define.html">Defining and Describing （という）</a></li>

  <li><a href="try.html">Trying something out or attempting to do something　（～てみる、volitional+とする）</a></li>

  <li><a href="favor.html">Giving and Receiving　（あげる、やる、くれる、もらう）</a></li>

  <li><a href="requests.html">Making requests　（～ください、～ちょうだい、～なさい、command form）</a></li>

  <li><a href="numbers.html">Numbers and Counting</a></li>

  <li><a href="wrapup4.html">Wrapping up section 4 and more gobi</a></li>

 </ul>

</li>

<li><a href="specialexp.html">Special Expressions</a>

  <ul>

  <li><a href="causepass.html">Causative and Passive Verbs</a></li>

  <li><a href="honorhum.html">Honorific and Humble Forms</a></li>

  <li><a href="unintended.html">Things that happen unintentionally　（～てしまう、～ちゃう／～じゃう）</a></li>

  <li><a href="genericnoun.html">Special expressions with generic nouns （こと、ところ、もの）</a></li>

  <li><a href="certainty.html">Expressing various levels of certainty　（かもしれない、でしょう、だろう）</a></li>

  <li><a href="amount.html">Expressing amounts　（だけ、のみ、しか、ばかり、すぎる、Amount+も、ほど、さ）</a></li>

  <li><a href="similar.html">Various ways to express similarity and hearsay　（よう、～みたい、～そう、～そうだ、～らしい、～っぽい）</a></li>

  <li><a href="compare.html">Using 方 and よる for comparisons and other functions　（より、の方、stem＋方、によって、によると）</a></li>

  <li><a href="easyhard.html">Saying something is easy or difficult to do　（～やすい、～にくい）</a></li>

  <li><a href="negverb2.html">More negative verbs　（ないで、ず、～ん、ぬ）</a></li>

  <li><a href="reasoning.html">Hypothesizing and Concluding （わけ、～とする）</a></li>

  <li><a href="timeaction2.html">Expressing time-specific actions （ばかり、とたんに、ながら、まくる）</a></li>

  <li><a href="nochange.html">Leaving something the way it is　（まま、っぱなし）</a></li>

 </ul>

</li>

<li><a href="advanced.html">Advanced Topics</a>

  <ul>

  <li><a href="formal.html">Formal Expressions　（である、ではない）</a></li>

  <li><a href="should.html">Things that should be a certain way （はず、べき、べく、べからず）</a></li>

  <li><a href="even.html">Expressing the minimum expectation （でさえ、ですら、おろか）</a></li>

  <li><a href="signs.html">Showing signs of something （～がる、ばかり、～めく）</a></li>

  <li><a href="feasibility.html">Formal expressions of non-feasibility　（～ざるを得ない、やむを得ない、～かねる）</a></li>

  <li><a href="tendency.html">Tendencies （～がち、～つつ、きらいがある）</a></li>

  <li><a href="adv_volitional.html">Advanced Volitional　（まい、であろう、かろう）</a></li>

  <li><a href="covered.html">Covered by something （だらけ、まみれ、ずくめ）</a></li>

  <li><a href="close_actions.html">Advanced proximity of actions （が早いか、や否や、そばから）</a></li>

  <li><a href="othergrammar.html">Others （思いきや、がてら、あげく）</a></li>

  </ul>

</li>

<li><a href="misc.html">Miscellaneous</a>

  <ul>

  <li><a href="casual.html">Casual Patterns and Slang</a></li>

  <li>Kansai Dialect</li>

  <li>Various Conjugation Charts</li>

  </ul>

</li>

</ol>

<div class="small" style="text-align:right;"><pre>Last Update: 2006/9/18</pre></div>

</div>

<h2>Updates</h2>

<ul>

<li>All future updates will be posted on the <a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/viewforum.php?id=13">News and Update Forum</a> which you can also subscribe to.</li>

<li>To see the old update history and the TODO list, <a href="changelog.html">go here</a>.</li>

</ul>

<h2>Links</h2>

<h3>My Links</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/">Japanese Grammar Guide Forum</a> - If there is anything
you would like to see addressed or added to the guide, go to the forum to post  your ideas!</li>

<li><a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/wiki/">Japanese Grammar Guide Wiki</a> - If you want to add to or revise the guide, please feel free to do so at the (yet incomplete) wiki guide.</li>

<li><a href="http://nihongo.3yen.com/">3yen</a> - I write random and hopefully informative stuff about things related to learning Japanese here.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.megabuzz.com/">Megabuzz.com</a>MegaBuzz.com</a> - A community-site I am working on for sharing questions, videos, etc. There is also a <a href="http://www.megabuzz.com/Topic/Japanese.aspx">Japanese Topic Page</a>.</li>

</ul>

<h3>Other Links</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/" rel="nofollow">Yahoo!辞書</a> - My new favorite dictionary. You can search multiple dictionaries and it has many examples as well.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/%7Ejwb/wwwjdic.html">Jim Breens' WWWJDIC</a> -
Probably the definitive Japanese/English dictionary on the web. A great tool to learn Japanese with.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.alc.co.jp/" rel="nofollow">英辞郎</a> - Another great dictionary that I use when WWWJDIC lets me down</li>

<li><a href="http://www.manythings.org/japanese/ ">Charles Kelly's Online Japanese Language Study Materials</a>  -
These are free-to-use online materials developed to help people study Japanese.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.jgram.org/">Jgram.org</a>  - A dictionary-style approach to grammar. Covers more grammar than any book
I've seen in the US.</li>

<li><a href="http://www.frezell.org/japanese/">frezell.org</a> - Contains links to free programs to learn hiragana and katakana.</li>

<li><a href="http://chat.yahoo.co.jp" rel="nofollow">Yahoo!チャット</a> - Chat in Japanese!  Even has voice chat, even though I don't know how well it'll work in
the US.</li>

</ul>

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